《走向21世纪的中国法学》/文正邦

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《走向21世纪的中国法学》

2000年10月30日 09:46 文正邦

内容提要

本书运用马克思主义的观点,通过对我国主要部门法学理论(法理学、法史学、宪法学、行政法学、民法学、婚姻法学、经济法学、刑法学、劳动法学、民事诉讼法学、刑事诉讼法学、行政诉讼法学、国际法学,以及"一国两法"理论)的成就和矛盾运动的崭新概括和深入分析,特别是对其中的新观点、新理论、新学说、新流派、新方法、新体系的探究,并跟踪考察其未来发展趋向,力求科学、准确、全面地总结我国法学发展的经验和教训,探寻其客观规律,着重揭示跨世纪之交的中国法学的未来走向,展望其发展的远景。

序 言

张友渔

中国法学应当面向社会主义现代化、面向世界、面向未来,《走向21世纪的中国法学》一书在这方面作出了可贵的努力和探索。

进入90年代以后,我国的现代化建设以及社会主义民主、法制建设都会有更大的发展,在这世纪交替的时期,国际国内形势都给我们提出了更加重大的历史任务,要求我们要为建设有中国特色的社会主义经济、政治和文化而努力奋斗,中国法学也理应作出自己应有的贡献。在这种情况下,如何按照马克思主义的唯物史观和辩证唯物主义方法论来科学地总结法学发展的经验教训,揭示法学发展的客观规律,展望它的未来发展趋势和方向,无疑是法学工作者义不容辞的光荣任务。《走向21世纪的中国法学》通过对我国十几门有重大影响的法学的过去、现在和未来发展道路的论述,力求深入系统地来回答这一重大课题,为建设有中国特色的社会主义现代法学这一宏伟目标而积极思索。尽管这种努力不一定能完全达到上述目的,其中的见解和论断也不一定都十分准确,但毕竟是一个很好的尝试,作出了很有益的开拓性工作。

有鉴于此,特撰数言,是为序。

1991年11月20日

前 言

大凡面临时代转折、社会发展将迈出新的历史步伐之时,往往都会激励起人们巨大的创造性精神以及理论探索热情,本书虽然不是对走向21世纪的中国法学的方方面面所作的毫无遗漏的理论描述,而是从一个特定的范围和视角,即选取其中具有代表性的十几门法学理论来进行典型考察--但这种典型性研究只要是合乎科学性要求,就可望成为对中国法学走向21世纪的一种浓缩。所以本书的书名以及内容也就不回避这一重大主题,并把注意力集中于通过作者们的共同努力以期达到上述目的和效果。正由于本书给自己规定了如此艰难的任务,所以其创作和形成过程经过了长期的酝酿和准备,而且是艰辛的理论积累和苦心思虑的产物,是奋力探索的结果。在这整个过程中,都得到了重庆出版社有关领导和编辑的大力支持和鼓励,并使得本书由科学学术著作出版基金资助出版。特别是本书得到了法学界前辈张友渔先生的热情支持,他在逝世前为本书写的序言,成为了他一生鼓励后学者的最好证明。对这些我们都深表感谢。

本书作者是由一批在各门法学中有所造诣、且思想敏锐的中青年学者组成。作者们在写作过程中均经过了潜心研究和反复推敲、数易其稿,可谓是其心血的结晶。但由于我们是处在这样一个飞速变化的时代,以致要紧紧追随信息的"爆炸"和知识海洋的奔腾扩展,即使殚精竭虑也很难做到,加上水平所限,疏漏之处恐在所难免,因此恳切希望法学界前辈和同仁们热情批评教正,我们当视此为对自己的最大爱护。

本书由文正邦主编。作者们的具体分工情况如下:

导论:文正邦;法理学:文正邦、程燎原、吴家如;法史学:耘耕、王人博;宪法学:文正邦、付子堂、田培炎;行政法学:杨海坤;民法学:赵万一;婚姻法学:曹诗权;经济法学:石慧荣;刑法学:姚辉、李永?N;劳动法学:杨显光、顾雪飞;民事诉讼法学:张卫平;刑事诉讼法学:龙宗智;行政诉讼法学:王棋国;国际法学:佟小鄂;"一国两法"理论:文正邦。

全书由文正邦设计、组织、统稿。同时,耘耕对其中数门法学,陈里程对国际法学,于安、姚辉对行政法学,佟小鄂对"一国两法"理论,赵万一对婚姻法学,王人博、刘霞对宪法学,鲁天文对导论等提出了宝贵的意见和建议。并由韩德云将本书目录翻译成英文。盛时动、王斌也作了文字性工作。在此,对这些同志都一并表示感谢。

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CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


 CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 216)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    INCORPORATION AND POWERS
  ncorporation of Consumer Council
  unctions of Council
  owers of Council
  embership of Council
  eetings of Council
  ommittees
  isclosure of member's interest
  Appointment of staff and advisers
  Documents of Council
  III    FINANCIAL
  Resources of Council
  Borrowing powers
  Investment of funds
  Estimates
  Accounts, audit and annual report
  IV    GENERAL
  Council not servant or agent of Crown
  Governor may give directions
  Protection of members of Council and committees
  Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for
advertisement
  oses
  Transitional provisions
  dule
 Whole document
  
  ncorporate the Consumer Council, to define its functions and 
powers,
  egative personal liability of members and employees for the 
Council's
  ts committees' acts or omissions, and for connected purposes.
  July 1977] L. N. 167 of 1977
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Consumer Council Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ncil" means the Consumer Council incorporated by section 3 (1);
  ancial year" means each period of 12 months ending with 31 March;
  ber" means a member of the Council.
 PART II INCORPORATION AND POWERS
  
  ncorporation of Consumer Council
  The Consumer Council existing at the commencement of this
Ordinance is
  by created a body corporate consisting of the persons who from
time to
  hold office as members of the Council.
  The Council shall have perpetual succession and a common 
seal and
  l be capable of suing and being sued and of doing and suffering 
all
  other acts and things as bodies corporate may lawfully do and
suffer.
  The Council shall continue to be known in the Chinese language
as.
  unctions of Council
  The functions of the Council are to protect and promote the 
interests
  onsumers of goods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and 
lessees
  mmovable property by--
  collecting, receiving and disseminating
  rmation concerning goods, services and immovable property;
  receiving and examining complaints by and giving advice to 
consumers
  oods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and lessees of 
immovable
  erty;
  taking such action as it thinks justified by information 
in its
  ession, including tendering advice to the Government or to any 
public
  cer;
  encouraging business and professional associations to
  blish codes of practice to regulate the activities of their
members;
  undertaking such other functions as the Council may adopt 
with the
  r approval of the Governor in Council.
  The Governor may be notice in writing to the Council 
declare any
  s, services or immovable property or class of goods, 
services or
  vable property to be outside the scope of the Council's 
functions
  r subsection (1).
  In subsection (1) and in section 5 (2) (c) "goods and services" 
does
  include goods and services which are--
  supplied by--
  the Government, the Urban Council or the Regional Council; or
(Amended
  f 1985 s. 60)
  a body mentioned in the Schedule; or
  made the subject of a declaration under subsection (2).
  The Governor in Council may, by order published in the Gazette, 
amend
  Schedule. (Amended 5 of 1992 s. 2)
  owers of Council
  The Council may do such things as are reasonably necessary to 
enable
  o carry out its functions.
  Without restricting the generality of subsection (1), the Council 
may
  arrying out its functions--
  acquire, hold and dispose of all kinds of property 
movable and
  vable and in any manner which it thinks fit;
  enter into any contract;
  undertake the testing and examination of goods and 
services and
  ection of immovable property; (Amended 5 of 1992s. 3)
  produce or distribute, by way of sale or otherwise, any 
publication
  h is of interest to consumers;
  do any thing which it may do under this ordinance in 
association or
  peration with any other person or sponsor any other person to do 
that
  g;
  charge for the use of any facility or service provided by the
Council;
  with the prior approval of the Governor, become a member 
of or
  liate to any international body concerned with consumer matters.
  
  embership of Council
  The Council shall consist of the following members--
  a Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a 
term not
  eding 2 years;
  a Vice-Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a term 
not
  eding 2 years; and (Replaced 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  not more than 20 other persons each of whom shall be appointed
by the
  rnor for a term not exceeding 2 years. (Replaced 28 of 1989 s.
2)
  The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member 
appointed under
  ection (1) (c) may be reappointed upon expiry of their 
respective
  s of office. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member 
appointed under
  ection (1) (c) may at any time-- (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  resign his office by notice to the Governor; or
  be removed therefrom by the Governor for permanent incapacity or
other
  icient cause, and upon such resignation or removal the term for 
which
  as appointed shall be deemed to have expired.
  Where the Chairman, Vice-Chairman or any other member appointed 
under
  ection (1) (c) is precluded by temporary incapacity or other 
cause
  exercising his functions as such for any period the 
Governor may
  int another person to act in place of the Chairman Vice-
Chairman or
  r member during such period with all such rights, powers, 
duties or
  ilities as if he had been appointed under subsection (1). (Amended 
28
  985s. 2)
  (Replaced 28 of 1985s. 2)
  Where any question arises under subsection (3) or (4) as to 
whether
  incapacity or cause exists or whether any incapacity is 
temporary or
  anent or any cause sufficient, the decision of the Governor 
thereon
  l be final.
  eetings of Council
  Meetings of the Council shall be held at such times and places
as the
  cil, the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman may from 
time
  ime appoint.
  The following procedural provisions shall apply to
  y meeting of the Council and subject thereto the Council may 
regulate
  own procedure--
  at meetings of the Council 11 members shall form a quorum; 
(Replaced
  f 1989 s. 3. Amended 5 of 1992 s. 4)
  the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman shall preside
or, if
  are absent or disqualified under section 9 (c), the members 
present
  l appoint one of their number to preside;
  every question shall be determined by a majority of votes 
of the
  ers present and voting thereon;
  in the event of an equality of votes the member presiding shall
have a
  ing vote in addition to his ordinary vote.
  nded 28 of 1985 s. 3)
  
  ommittees
  The Council may appoint committees and may delegate to 
them the
  cise and performance of any of its powers and functions except 
this
  r of delegation.
  Persons who are not members of the Council are
  ible for appointment to committees.
  Subject to the terms of any delegation by the 
Council, every
  ittee--
  may exercise and perform the delegated powers and functions
  the same effect as if it were the Council itself;
  shall be presumed to be acting in accordance with the terms of 
the
  gation in the absence of proof to the contrary;
  may regulate its own procedure.
  isclosure of member's interest
  member of the Council, or of any committee of the Council, 
has a
  ct or indirect commercial interest in any matter under discussion
at a
  ing of the Council or of the committee, being an interest greater
than
  which he has as a member of the general public, the 
following
  isions shall apply--
  he shall disclose the nature of his interest at the meeting;
  the disclosure shall be recorded in the minutes;
  where the disclosure is made by the member presiding, he shall 
vacate
  chair during the discussion;
  the member (including one who has vacated the chair under
paragraph
  shall, if so required by the member presiding, withdraw 
from the
  ing during the discussion and shall not in any case, 
except as
  rwise determined by the member presiding, vote on any 
resolution
  erning the matter or be counted for the purpose of establishing 
the
  tence of a quorum.
  Appointment of staff and advisers
  Subject to subsection (4), the Council shall appoint a person to 
hold
  office of Chief Executive. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 4)
  The Council may appoint such other employees as it thinks 
fit and
  ect to subsection (4), determine all matters relating 
to their
  neratior and terms and conditions of appointment or employment.
  The Council may engage the services of technical and 
professional
  sers in such manner and on such terms and conditions as it thinks
fit.
  The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Governor to--
  any appointment proposed to be made under subsection (1) and the
terms
  conditions thereof;
  the suspension or dismissal of the Chief Executive;
  the salary or salary scale (including allowances and other 
pecuniary
  fits) and conditions of employment applicable to the Chief 
Executive
  every other employee or class employee, and any variation
thereof.
  nded 28 of 1985 s. 4)
  No person shall be employed by the Council otherwise than on the
salar
  alary scale or on the conditions of employment applicable to that
pers
  oved by the Governor under subsection (4).
  
  Documents of Council
  The Council may make and execute all such documents as may 
expedient
  or conducive to the exercise and performance of its power 
functions
  duties.
  The fixing of the seal of the Council to any document
  l--
  be authorized by resolution of the Council; and
  be authenticated by the signatures of any 2 members 
authorize by
  lution of the Council, either generally or specially, to ao for 
that
  ose.
  Any document purporting to be duly executed under the seal 
of the
  cil shall, unless the contrary is proved, be considered to be 
duly
  uted.
  Any contract or instrument which if entered into or executed 
by a
  on not being a body corporate would not be required to be in the 
form
  deed may be entered into or executed on behalf of the Council by 
any
  on generally or specially authorized by the Council for that 
purpose.
 PART III FINANCIAL
  
  Resources of Council
  The Governor may, out of money appropriated for the purpose 
by the
  slative Council, authorize payment to the Consumer Council 
of such
  nts as he thinks fit.
  The resources of the Council shall consist
  
  all money received by the Council pursuant to subsection (1);
  money paid to the Council by way of donations, fees, 
subscriptions,
  and interest;
  all other money and property, including accumulations of 
income,
  ived by the Council for its purposes.
  Borrowing powers
  Council may, with the approval of the Financial Secretary, 
borrow or
  rwise raise money and charge all or any part of its 
property as
  rity therefor.
  Investment of funds
  money of the Council that is not immediately required 
shall be
  sted--
  on fixed deposit in any bank or savings bank approved by the
  ncial Secretary, either generally or in any particular case, for 
the
  ose; or
  in such other forms of investment as the Financial 
Secretary may
  ove.
  Estimates
  Council shall in each financial year adopt estimates of 
income and
  nditure for the ensuing financial year and, before a date 
to be
  inted by the Financial Secretary, send them to the Governor for 
his
  oval together with a programme of its proposed activities 
for the
  ing financial year.
  
  Accounts, audit and annual report
  The Council shall keep proper accounts and proper records in 
relation
  eto and shall within 3 months after the expiry of a financial year,
or
  further period as the Financial Secretary may allow, 
prepare a
  ement of the accounts of the Council, which statement shall
include an
  me and expenditure account and a balance sheet.
  The Council
  l, subject to subsection (3), appoint an auditor, who 
shall be
  tled to have access at any time to all books of account, vouchers 
and
  r financial records of the Council and to require such information
and
  anations relating thereto as he thinks fit.
  The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Financial
Secretary
  ny appointment proposed to be made under subsection (2).
  The auditor shall, as soon as is practicable, audit the 
accounts
  ired by subsection (1) and shall submit a report thereon 
to the
  cil.
  The Council shall within 3 months after the receipt by it 
of the
  tor's report in respect of its accounts for a financial 
year, or
  in such further period as the Financial Secretary may allow,
furnish--
  a report on the affairs of the Council for that year;
  a copy of its accounts therefor; and
  the auditor's report on the accounts, to the Governor who shall 
cause
  same to be tabled in the Legislative Council.
 PART IV GENERAL
  
  Council not servant or agent of Crown
  Council is not a servant or agent of the Crown and does not enjoy 
any
  us, immunity or privilege of the Crown.
  Governor may give directions
  The Governor may, if he considers that the public 
interest so
  ires, give to the Council such directions as he thinks 
fit with
  ect to the exercise and performance by the Council of its 
powers,
  tions and duties under this Ordinance, either generally or 
in any
  icular case.
  The Council shall comply with any direction given to 
it under
  ection (1).
  Protection of members of Council and committees
  No member or employee of the Council or of any committee 
of the
  cil shall be personally liable for any act done or default made--
  by the Council; or
  by any committee of the Council, acting in good faith in the course
of
  operations of the Council or of the committee.
  The protection hereby conferred on members and employees 
of the
  cil or of a committee in respect of any act or default shall not 
in
  way affect any liability of the Council for that act or default.
  
  Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for 
advertisement
  oses
  No person shall, with a view to promoting or disparaging any
  s, services or immovable property or promoting the image 
of any
  on, publish or cause to be published any advertisement which 
either
  essly or by implication makes reference to--
  the Council;
  any committee, member, agent or employee of the Council;
  the Council's publication or finding of tests or surveys
conducted by
  n behalf of the Council; or
  any other information published by the Council, without 
written
  ent of the Council.
  Any person who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence 
and is
  le to a fine of $ 100,000.
  For the purpose of subsection (1) "advertisement" may be 
constituted
  ny words, whether written or spoken, or any picture, drawing, 
visual
  e, figure or article--
  appearing in any publication; or
  brought to the notice of the public or any section of the public 
in
  other way. (Replaced 5 of 1992 s. 5)
  Transitional provisions
  All property of whatever kind and whether movable or immovable 
vested
  r belonging to the Consumer Council existing at the 
commencement of
  Ordinance shall as from that date vest in or belong to that 
Council
  ts corporate capacity without any further assurance.
  All obligations and liabilities of the said Consumer Council 
are as
  the commencement of this Ordinance the obligations and
liabilities of
  Council in its corporate capacity.
  Where anything has been commenced by or under the authority 
of the
  Consumer Council before the commencement of this Ordinance such
thing
  be carried on any completed by the Council in its corporate
capacity.
  Every person who immediately before the commencement of this
Ordinance
  s an appointment as Chairman, Executive Director or a member of 
the
  Consumer Council is, as from such commencement but subject to 
the
  s of his appointment, the Chairman, Executive Director, or a
member of
  Council, as the case may be, for the purposes of this Ordinance.
  Notwithstanding the definition of "financial year" in section 
2 the
  od between the commencement of this Ordinance and 31 March 1978 
shall
  eemed to be a financial year.
  No stamp duty shall be payable in respect of any transfer of 
property
  r this section.
 SCHEDULE
  
  Television Limited
  a Light and Power Company, Limited
  a Motor Bus Company, Limited
  Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company, Limited
  Marketing Organization
  Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited
  Hong Kong and Yaumati Ferry Company Limited

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工业和信息化部、财政部、科学技术部关于同意第二批资源节约型环境友好型企业创建试点实施方案的批复

工业和信息化部 财政部 科学技术部


工业和信息化部、财政部、科学技术部关于同意第二批资源节约型环境友好型企业创建试点实施方案的批复

工信部联节[2012]354号


有关省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市、新疆生产建设兵团工业和信息化主管部门、财政厅(局)、科技厅(局),有关中央企业:

  你们报来的资源节约型环境友好型企业创建试点实施方案及有关材料均悉。经评审研究,现批复如下:

  一、原则同意金川集团有限公司等36家企业(名单见附件)试点实施方案。同意增补风神轮胎股份有限公司为试点企业,原则同意其试点实施方案。请上述37家企业按方案抓紧组织落实。

  二、有关地方工业和信息化、财政、科技主管部门及中央企业集团要加强对试点工作的指导,加强与有关部门的协调,积极落实相关项目、资金、政策等配套条件,推动出台相关优惠政策,加大对试点企业重点建设项目支持力度;跟踪试点工作进展,及时进行阶段性评估和监督检查。

  三、试点企业要以科学发展观为指导,结合地区和行业发展规划以及企业实际情况,切实加强领导,健全试点工作组织管理体系,确保试点工作取得实效。对方案提出的目标、任务、重点工程逐一分解落实到具体承办单位和人员,积极落实试点工作需要的科研和建设资金等建设条件。各试点企业应于每年6月底和12月底前分别将上半年和年度试点工作进展情况通过地方工业和信息化主管部门或中央企业集团报工业和信息化部。

  附件: 实施方案评审通过的资源节约型环境友好型试点企业名单

  

工业和信息化部 财政部 科学技术部

2012年7月18日



  附件:实施方案评审通过的资源节约型环境友好型试点企业名单


行业组别
实施方案评审通过的企业名单

钢铁
内蒙古鄂尔多斯电力冶金股份有限公司

有色金属
金川集团有限公司

化工

山西焦化集团有限公司、内蒙古伊东集团东方能源化工有限责任公司、亿利资源集团有限公司、上海焦化有限公司、浙江皇马化工集团有限公司、宜昌兴发集团有限责任公司、中国石化海南炼油化工有限公司、甘肃金昌化工(集团)有限责任公司、甘肃刘化(集团)有限责任公司、宁夏大地化工有限公司、新疆华泰重化工有限责任公司、中国石油独山子石化分公司、中国石油天然气股份有限公司抚顺石化分公司、风神轮胎股份有限公司

建材
唐山惠达陶瓷(集团)股份有限公司、吉林亚泰集团建材投资有限公司、江苏华尔润集团有限公司、徐州中联水泥有限公司、巨石集团有限公司、泰山石膏股份有限公司、四川峨胜水泥股份有限公司、新疆天山水泥股份有限公司

轻工
中粮生化能源(榆树)有限公司、黄山永新股份有限公司、中粮生物化学(安徽)股份有限公司(安徽丰原生物化学股份有限公司)、福建福人木业有限公司、深圳市美盈森环保科技股份有限公司、广西金源生物化工实业有限公司、成都蓉生药业有限责任公司

纺织
新乡白鹭化纤集团有限责任公司

汽车
广汽丰田汽车有限公司

机械装备
长春轨道客车股份有限公司、中国第二重型机械集团公司、新疆金风科技股份有限公司、中国一拖集团有限公司