LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORT COM-MODITY INSPECTION ——附加英文版
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORT COM-MODITY INSPECTION
(Adopted at the Sixth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on February 21, 1989, promulgated by
Order No. 14 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
February 21, 1989, and effective as of August 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Inspection of Import Commodities
Chapter III Inspection of Export Commodities
Chapter IV Supervision and Administration
Chapter V Legal Responsibility
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is enacted with a view to strengthening the inspection of import
and export commodities, ensuring the quality of import and export
commodities, protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties
involved in foreign trade, and promoting the smooth development of China's
economic and trade relations with foreign countries.
Article 2
The State Council shall establish an Administration for Import and Export
Commodity Inspection (hereinafter referred to as the State Administration
for Commodity Inspection), which shall be in charge of the inspection of
import and export commodities throughout the country. The local import and
export commodity inspection authorities (hereinafter referred to as the
commodity inspection authorities) set up by the State Administration for
Commodity Inspection shall be responsible for the inspection of import and
export commodities within areas under their jurisdiction.
Article 3
The commodity inspection authorities and other inspection organizations
designated by the State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the
commodity inspection authorities shall, in accordance with the law,
perform the inspection of import and export commodities.
Article 4
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection shall, in the light of
the needs in the development of foreign trade, make, adjust and publish a
List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection by the
Commodity Inspection Authorities (hereinafter referred to as the List of
Commodities).
Article 5
Import and export commodities which are included in the List of
Commodities and import and export commodities subject to inspection by the
commodity inspection authorities under other laws or administrative rules
and regulations must be inspected by the commodity inspection authorities
or inspection organizations designated by the State Administration for
Commodity Inspection or the commodity inspection authorities. No
permission shall be granted for the sale or use of import commodities
specified in the preceding paragraph until they have undergone inspection;
and no permission shall be granted for the export of export commodities
specified in the preceding paragraph until they have been found to be up
to standard through inspection.
Import and export commodities specified in the first paragraph of this
Article may be exempted from inspection upon the examination and approval
of an application from the consignee or consignor by the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection.
Article 6
Inspection on import and export commodities performed by the commodity
inspection authorities shall cover quality, specifications, quantity,
weight, packing and the requirements for safety and hygiene.
Import and export commodities governed by compulsory standards or other
inspection standards which must be complied with as provided for by laws
or administrative rules and regulations shall be inspected in accordance
with such inspection standards; in the absence of such stipulations,
import and export commodities shall be inspected in accordance with the
inspection standards agreed upon in the foreign trade contracts.
Article 7
Import and export commodities or items subject to inspection by other
inspection organizations under laws or administrative rules and
regulations shall be inspected in accordance with the provisions of
relevant laws or administrative rules and regulations.
Article 8
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the commodity
inspection authorities shall collect information on the inspection of
import and export commodities and make it available to the relevant
circles.
Chapter II Inspection of Import Commodities
Article 9
For import commodities which are subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities in accordance with this Law, the consignee must
register them with the commodity inspection authorities located at the
port of discharge or the station of arrival. Import commodities which are
included in the List of Commodities shall be checked and released by the
Customs upon presentation of the seal of the commodity inspection
authorities affixed to the Customs declaration.
Article 10
For import commodities which are subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities in accordance with this Law, the consignee shall
apply to the same authorities for inspection in places and within the time
limit specified by them. The commodity inspection authorities shall
accomplish the procedures for inspection and issue an inspection
certificate within the period of validity of claims prescribed in a
foreign trade contract.
Article 11
If import commodities other than those which are subject to inspection by
the commodity inspection authorities in accordance with this Law are found
to be not up to the quality standard, damaged or short on weight or
quantity, the consignee shall apply to the commodity inspection
authorities for inspection and the issuance of an inspection certificate
if such a certificate is necessary for claiming compensation.
Article 12
For important import commodities and a complete set of equipment in large
size, the consignee shall, in accordance with the terms agreed upon in a
foreign trade contract, conduct initial inspection or initial supervision
over manufacturing or loading in the exporting country before shipment,
while the relevant competent departments shall strengthen their
supervision. The commodity inspection authorities may, when necessary,
dispatch inspection personnel to take part in such inspection and
supervision.
Chapter III Inspection of Export Commodities
Article 13
For export commodities which are subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities in accordance with this Law, the consignor shall
apply to the same authorities for inspection in the places and within the
time limit specified by them. The commodity inspection authorities shall
accomplish the procedures for inspection and issue a certificate without
delaying the prescribed time for shipment. Export commodities which are
included in the List of Commodities shall be checked and released by the
Customs upon presentation of the inspection certificate or the paper for
release issued by the commodity inspection authorities or the seal of the
same authorities affixed to the Customs declaration.
Article 14
Export commodities which have been inspected and passed by the commodity
inspection authorities and for which an inspection certificate or a paper
for release has been issued by the same authorities shall be declared for
export and shipped out of the country within the time limit specified by
the same authorities. Failing to meet the time limit shall entail
reapplication for inspection.
Article 15
An enterprise manufacturing packagings for dangerous export goods must
apply to the commodity inspection authorities for a test of the
performance of such packagings. An enterprise producing dangerous export
goods must apply to the same authorities for a test of the use of
packagings. No permission shall be granted for the export of dangerous
goods kept in packagings which have not passed a test.
Article 16
For vessel holds or containers used for carrying perishable foods, the
carrier or the organization using the containers shall apply for
inspection before loading. No permission shall be granted for loading and
shipment until the relevant conditions are passed by the inspectors.
Chapter IV Supervision and Administration
Article 17
The commodity inspection authorities may make a random inspection of
import and export commodities beyond those subject to inspection by the
commodity inspection authorities in accordance with this Law. No
permission shall be granted for the export of export commodities found to
be substandard in a random inspection.
Article 18
The commodity inspection authorities may, when necessary, assign
inspection personnel to manufacturers of export commodities which are
included in the List of Commodities to take part in supervision over the
quality inspection of export commodities before they leave the factory.
Article 19
The commodity inspection authorities may undertake the quality
certification of import and export commodities on the basis of agreements
signed between the State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the
foreign bodies concerned or upon entrustment by the foreign bodies
concerned. They may permit the use of quality certification marks on
import and export commodities which have been given quality certification.
Article 20
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the commodity
inspection authorities shall, on the basis of the requirements in their
inspection, entrust competent inspection organizations at home and abroad
with the inspection of import and export commodities after examining their
qualifications.
Article 21
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the Commodity
inspection authorities shall exercise supervision over the import and
export commodity inspection conducted by the inspection organizations
designated or approved by them and may make a random inspection of the
commodities which have been inspected by such organization.
Article 22
The State shall, when necessary, institute a quality licence system for
important import and export commodities and their manufacturers. The
specific measures thereof shall be drawn up by the State Administration
for Commodity Inspection in conjunction with the relevant competent
departments under the State Council.
Article 23
The commodity inspection authorities may, when necessary, place commodity
inspection marks or sealings on import and export commodities proved to be
up to standard through inspection.
Article 24
In case an applicant for the inspection of import and export commodities
disagrees with the results of inspection presented by the commodity
inspection authorities, he may apply for reinspection to the same
authorities, to those at the next higher level or to the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection. The conclusion on reinspection
shall be made by the commodity inspection authorities or the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection which has accepted the application
for reinspection.
Article 25
The commodity inspection authorities, the inspection organizations
designated by them and other inspection organizations approved by the
State Administration for Commodity Inspection may handle the business of
superintending and surveying import and export commodities as entrusted by
parties involved in foreign trade or by foreign inspection bodies.
The scope of business of superintending and surveying import and export
commodities shall cover: inspection of the quality, quantity, weight and
packing of import and export commodities; inspection of cargoes with
respect to general or particular average; inspection of container cargoes;
damage survey of import cargoes; inspection of technical conditions for
the shipment of exports; measurement of dead tonnage; certification of the
origin or value of exports and other superintending and surveying
services.
Chapter V Legal Responsibility
Article 26
Anyone who, in violation of the relevant provisions of this Law, purposely
markets or uses import commodities which are included in the List of
Commodities or subject to inspection by the commodity inspection
authorities in accordance with other laws or administrative rules and
regulations without having such commodities inspected, or purposely
exports export commodities which are included in the List of Commodities
or subject to inspection by the commodity inspection authorities in
accordance with other laws or administrative rules and regulations without
having such commodities inspected and proved up to standard shall be fined
by the commodity inspection authorities. If the circumstances are serious
and cause heavy economic losses, the criminal responsibility of the
personnel directly responsible shall be investigated by applying mutatis
mutandis the provisions of Article 187 of the Criminal Law.
Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 17 of this Law,
purposely exports export commodities which have been found substandard
during a random inspection by the commodity inspection authorities, shall
be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
Article 27
If the falsifying or remaking of the certificates or documents, seals or
stamps, marks, sealings or quality certification marks for commodity
inspection constitutes a crime, the criminal responsibility of the
personnel directly responsible shall be investigated by applying mutatis
mutandis the provisions of Article 167 of the Criminal Law; if the
circumstances are minor, the offender shall be fined by the commodity
inspection authorities.
Article 28
If a party refuses to accept the punishment decision of the commodity
inspection authorities, he may, within 30 days of receiving the notice on
the punishment, apply for reconsideration to the same authorities which
have made the punishment decision, to those at the next higher level or to
the State Administration for Commodity Inspection. If the party refuses
to accept the decision on the reconsideration, he may, within 30 days of
receiving the notice on the reconsideration decision, bring a suit nor
complies with the punishment decision within the prescribed time limit,
the commodity inspection authorities which have made the punishment
decision shall apply to a court of law for compulsory execution.
Article 29
Any functionary of the State Administration for Commodity Inspection or of
the commodity inspection authorities or any of the inspection personnel of
the inspection organizations designated by the State Administration for
Commodity Inspection and the commodity inspection authorities who abuses
his power, commits irregularities for the benefit of his relatives or
friends, falsifies inspection results or fails to conduct inspection and
issue a certificate within the time limit through dereliction shall,
depending on the seriousness of the circumstances, be given administrative
sanction, or his criminal responsibility shall be investigated according
to law.
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 30
The commodity inspection authorities and other inspection organizations
shall collect fees according to relevant provisions for carrying out
inspection or performing superintending and surveying services in
accordance with the provisions of this Law. The procedures for collecting
fees shall be drawn up by the State Administration for Commodity
Inspection in conjunction with the competent departments under the State
Council.
Article 31
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection and shall come into force after
being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 32
This Law shall come into force as of August 1, 1989. The Regulations of
the People's Republic of China on the Inspection of Import and Export
Commodities promulgated by the State Council on January 28, 1984 shall be
invalidated as of the same date.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
试论财产形态单证化
作者简介:梁剑兵,男,生于1961年,山西岢岚人,辽宁师范大学经济法政学院副教授,主要研究方向:民商法基础理论、海商法。
摘 要:本文在联系经济关系实践的前提下,对传统民法理论中的财产概念进行了新的认识和界定,提出了将财产划分为事实上的财产和法律上的财产两大形态的全新观点,并建立了“在实际领域运行事实财产,在法律领域运行法律财产”的二元化财产运行模型,试图对传统民法理论的发展和创新作出一定的贡献。
关 键 词:财产形态;财产形态单证化;事实财产和法律财产。
一、问题的提出
民法上的财产,无论其为有形财产或无形财产,均以财产本身的客观存在为其固有形态。例如土地以地球表面某一陆地地块为其形态;船舶以其固有的材料结构形体为形态;电能以定量的电磁波为其形态等等。
为了记载财产的权属或其或变更的事宜,人们往往以某种单证作为财产权利的凭证,例如土地使用权证书是土地财产权的证明,提单是货物所有权的证明,股票是股东财产权益的证明等等。 这些单证在法律上仅仅具有表面证据的作用,并不构成任何意义上的财产形态,其主要原因在于:它们不具有法律意义上的财产的固有的属性,即价值和使用价值。这样的认识固有其一定的合理性,但是却有无法避免的缺点,即往往使权利的移动和界定产生一定的困难。例如购买住房者已入住所购房屋,但却未与原屋主办理房屋所有权变更手续,在此期间,从传统法律角度看,要界定“买主”和“卖主”对该房屋权利的法律属性就是极其困难的。另外例如,FOB合同项下,一般来说,自货物越过船舷时,货物即财产本身的移动便从一个主体移向另一主体,即由承运人获得了货物即“财产”的控制权。但因卖方仍持有提单,所以卖方在法律上仍具有对货物(财产)的控制权。那么,两种不同的控制权便会产生冲突。笔者认为,解决以上困难和冲突的最佳方法是打破人们对财产形态的一元化认识模型,建立财产形态二元化认识模型,并由此模型出发,建设财产权利移动和界定的“双向运行”模式概念。而建立这一模式的前提条件,便是承认财产形态的单证化。
二、财产形态单证化的含义
传统民法对财产的分类或者是从其固有属性划分的,例如有形财产与无形财产;或者是从财产主体的相对关系角度划分的,例如积极财产与消极财产(即债权和债务)。但是,却似乎从未有人注意到具体意义上的财产和抽象意义上的财产的区别。
所谓具体意义上的财产,也可称之为实际意义上的财产,是指具有价值和使用价值的财产或者直接能为主体带来一定利益的权利(例如债权和知识产权)。
所谓抽象意义上的财产,也可称之为法律意义上的财产,是指作为符号而存在的财产,这种财产本身并不具有价值和使用价值,也不能直接为主体带来一定的利益,例如借据、欠条、有价证券、票据、提单等。
具体意义上的财产和抽象意义上的财产并非传统意义上的区分方法,而是一种全新意义上的财产划分方法。因为,这种划分绝对不是表明具体意义上的财产和抽象意义上的财产是两个不同的财产。恰恰相反,他们完全是同一个财产。例如,债权和借据是同一个财产的两种不同形态,提单和货物是同一种财产的的两种不同形态等等。好比水既有液态,也有固态和气态,我们对财产的不同形态,也应该有类似的理解和认识。
从这种理解和认识出发,我们就可以建立财产形态二元化模型:具体财产或者实际财产为一元,而抽象财产或者单证化的财产(也可以称为法律财产)为另一元,并以二者的结合体构成法律关系的客体。这一模型打破了传统民法理论对民事法律关系客体的一元化认识模型,将可能是民法物权理论新理论体系得以产生和形成的基点之一。
单证化形态的财产与作为财产权利凭证的单证具有本质的区别。后者仅构成司法程序意义上的证据,而不具有实体财产权利的意义,因而不被认为是一种财产,仅只是一种文件,它不具有可交换和可流通的特点,只能用来推论财产的某种法律状态。而财产形态单证化以后,这种单证作为证据的作用并未失去,同时因为它与实际财产构成同一财产,是法律意义上的财产或者是被法律所拟制的财产,可以直接用于流通和交换,还可以直接用来确认权利的移动和界定。例如,我们可以认为,承运人向托运人签发的提单就是提单项下货物的法律拟制财产。
因此,所谓财产形态单证化,就是指与特定财产构成同一财产的并且为法律所规定的单证本身。由此出发,对某些法律概念可作如下的修正:提单即为法律所拟制的单证化货物自身;房屋所有权证书即房屋的单证化形态;土地使用权证书是土地使用权的单证化形态等等。由此我们便建立了财产形态二元化认识模型。
三、财产形态单证化的意义和价值
首先,人类的商品交换行为,大致经历了三个不同形态的历史阶段:以物易物阶段;商品与货币交换阶段和单证交换阶段。单证交换即交换行为的证券化,这种趋势随着时代的发展而日益明显:电子货币、网上购物、票据交换、合同转让等等。此种交换的意义在于可以使资源得到最合理的分配,并快速实现财产本身的最大价值和最佳使用价值,从而达到节约资源、保护环境和生命、并尽量满足人们日益增长的物质与精神需要的目的。所以,我们往往在单证交换形态下看到这样的情形:参与商品交换的人们并非特定商品的终端用户,它们往往仅需要单证本身。而财产形态的单程证化便可满足这种需要。
其次,具体意义上的财产因交换的需要而移动,而这种移动是空间上的和物理上的,不仅移动缓慢和不方便,而且为移动它们又要耗费一定的财产(例如宝贵的能源)。而财产形态单证化之后,同一财产的移动便非常快速和容易,尤其在人类电子科技的支持下,这种财产的移动速度甚至可以光速实现和完成,更为重要的是可在最大程度上节约和保存能源,为人类的可持续发展奠定良好的基础。
第三,在法律上,有助于建立财产权利移动和界定的“双向运行”模式,使民法对财产关系的调整第一次具有了直观的和实际的意义,而不再是抽象的与不可捉摸的,以实现人们“在法律范围内使用和运行法律财产,在社会生活范围内使用和运行实际财产”的目标。例如,前述购买住房者在入住所购房屋之后,他购买该住房的初始目的(取得居住的便利)便已完全实现,因此,他便没有必要去办理房屋产权变更手续,这便是“在社会生活范围内使用运行实际财产”的 含义。假设他在居住之后有意图变卖此处房屋或以此处房屋抵押他人,他的身份就必须从单纯的居住者转变为对该房屋具有法律上的处分权的人。那么,他便必须先行办理房屋产权变更手续,获得“单证化形态的财产”后,方可以所持单证进行与房屋有关的买卖、抵押等民事行为,这便是“在法律范围内使用和运行法律财产”的含义。再例如:托运人将货物交付给承运人之后,承运人向托运人交付提单,在这种情况形下承运人获得了对实际财产的控制,而托运人则获得了对“单证化形态财产”的控制。那么,承运人只能“在实际上运输”该财产,而不能在任何法律意义上对财产进行处置。托运人在法律意义上使用和运行提单,可以将提单进行法律上的处分。这样一来,当买主欲获得被实际运输的货物时,就必须先进行“法律范围内的财产运行”,第一步以货款赎取提单,第二步以提单取得提单项下的货物。笔者认为:通过以上“双向运行”模式的交替实施,可以达到以下两个目的:1、准确界定动态权利;2、使权利实现快速而有效的移动。只有这样,才能证明和真正实现法律经济学的下列重要命题:任何贸易过程都是财产权利不断界定的过程。
第四、以上“双向运行”模式的建立,还有助于我们充分而理智的认识法律的社会作用和社会价值,弱化法律对社会关系的过分调整和控制,阻止法律对社会深部的渗透,防止法律成为社会发展和进步的异化物。法律虽然是财产关系的调整器,但它不是也不应该是唯一的调整器。过分强调法律对社会尤其是财产关系的调整作用,有使法律成为专制与腐败的工具的极大危险!最终会使人民陷入无视法律或者激烈反对法律的境地。
最后,财产形态单证化有助于人们充分地了解实际财产的价值、使用价值、品名、型号、种类、规格、质数量、生产者、包装要求和使用规范等等 。我们可以说,人们完全可以在不具备专业知识的情况下通过对“法律财产”的认识而认识单证项下的实际财产。另外,人类社会电子化时代的到来必然要求社会管理机构能更准确、更具体和更有效地对社会财产进行管理和调控,那么,如果这种管理和调控是针对具体的实际财产而实施的,电子科技的作用便是有限的,进而导致调控和管理的难度加大和法律资源的极大浪费。但是,如果这种管理和调控是通过电子手段对单证化财产实施的,那么,其管理和调控的准确、方便、快捷和有效便是不容置疑的。在这里,我们可以看到财产形态单证化在管理上的巨大价值。
综上所述,笔者认为,财产形态的单证化问题,是我国民法理论中的一个新问题,是对传统民法理论的尝试性变革与突破。为了为我国民法理论的研究提出新的视点和新的角度,笔者大胆提出上述看法,意在抛砖引玉,引起同好的切磋和探讨,并求教于大家。
2000-09-21